RoadRunneR: A Small And Fast Bitslice Block Cipher For Low Cost 8-bit Processors

Designing block ciphers targeting resource constrained 8-bit CPUs is a challenging problem. There are many recent lightweight ciphers designed for better performance in hardware. On the other hand, most software efficient lightweight ciphers either lack a security proof or have a low security margin. To fill the gap, we present RoadRunneR which is an efficient block cipher in 8-bit software, and its security is provable against differential and linear attacks. RoadRunneR has lowest code size in Atmel’s ATtiny45, except NSA’s design SPECK, which has no security proof. Moreover, we propose a new metric for the fair comparison of block ciphers. This metric, called ST/A, is the first metric to use key length as a parameter to rank ciphers of different key length in a fair way. By using ST/A and other metrics in the literature, we show that RoadRunneR is competitive among existing ciphers on ATtiny45

ELiF : An Extremely Lightweight & Flexible Block Cipher Family and Its Experimental Security

In this paper, we analyzed an extreme case of lightweight block cipher design in terms of security and efficiency. To do this, we proposed ELiF block cipher family which has one of the smallest hardware area in a fully serial design. We also defined ELiF to be flexible and scalable so that it can be implemented for real life applications with different scenarios such as fixed key implementations. We also gave hardware implementation results for different implementation settings to show its efficiency and flexibility. Because of its flexible implementation properties, ELiF family of ciphers are suitable for systems with asymmetric computation powers such as RFID reader and tags. We made theoretical and experimental analysis for various block sizes. Using the results for small block lengths, we estimated minimum number of rounds that the cipher becomes secure depending on the block size

Feistel Like Construction of Involutory Binary Matrices With High Branch Number

In this paper, we propose a generic method to construct involutory binary matrices from a three round Feistel scheme with a linear round function. We prove bounds on the maximum achievable branch number (BN) and the number of fixed points of our construction. We also define two families of efficiently implementable round functions to be used in our method. The usage of these families in the proposed method produces matrices achieving the proven bounds on branch numbers and fixed points. Moreover, we show that BN of the transpose matrix is the same with the original matrix for the function families we defined. Some of the generated matrices are \emph{Maximum Distance Binary Linear} (MDBL), i.e. matrices with the highest achievable BN. The number of fixed points of the generated matrices are close to the expected value for a random involution. Generated matrices are especially suitable for utilising in bitslice block ciphers and hash functions. They can be implemented efficiently in many platforms, from low cost CPUs to dedicated hardware

Mushroom poisoning in childhood in Sivas, in the Middle Anatolia region, Turkey: common features in 79 patients

AMAÇ: Mantar zehirlenmesi çocukluk çağında önlenebilir ve yüksek mortaliteli bir zehirlenme nedenidir. Doğadan toplanan mantarlar yöresel alışkanlıklarla besin maddesi olarak bazen bilinçsizce tüketilmektedir. Görüntü, tat ve kokularıyla zehirli olan ve olmayan mantarların ayrımlarını sağlayacak tipik özellikler yoktur. GEREÇ ve YÖNTEMLER: Bu çalışmada Mayıs 2005 ile Haziran 2008 tarihleri arasında Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi çocuk acil servisine başvuran, mantar zehirlenmesi tanısı alan 79 çocuk hasta retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Mantar zehirlenme olguları cinsiyet, yaş, başvuru zamanı, latent fazın süresi, klinik ve laboratuar bulguları, hastanede kalış süreleri ve prognozları açısından değerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Olgularımızın %29,1'i yedi yaş ve altında, 33'ü kız (%41.7), 46'sı erkekti (%58.2) ve %59,4'ü yaz aylarında başvurmuştu. Basvuru anında gastrointestinal belirtiler %70,8'inde, nörolojik bulgular %17,7'sinde, dermatolojik bulgular %11,3'ünde ön plandaydı. Hastaların %86'sında zehirlenme belirtileri ilk bir saat içinde başlamış ancak hiçbirinde karaciğer yetmezliği bulguları görülmemiştir. Tedavide gastrointestinal lavaj, aktif kömür verilmesi, zorlu diürez gibi geleneksel eliminasyon yöntemleri ve IV penisilin G uygulanmıştır. Olguların hastanede kalış süreleri ortalama üç gündür. SONUÇ: Hastaların hiç birinde hemoperfuzyon veya plazmafereze gerek olmamıs ve hepsi sekelsiz taburcu edilmistir. Çocukluk çağında mantar zehirlenmeleri fatal seyirli olabileceği için bütün mantar zehirlenmesi olguları karacigğer böbrek yetmezliği ve koagulasyon bozuklukları açısından ciddi ele alınmalı ve bölgesel özellikler göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.OBJECTIVE: Mushroom poisonings are the cause of intoxications with high mortality that can be prevented in childhood. Mushrooms picked as wild may be ignorance consumed sometimes as nourishment because of local habits in our region. There aren't any macroscopic, taste or smell characteristics to distinguish the safe mushrooms from the toxic ones. MATERIALand METHODS: In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 79 child patients who were diagnosed with mushroom poisoning at the pediatric emergency department of Cumhuriyet University Hospital from May 2005 to June 2008. The age, gender, application time, the duration of latent phase, clinical and laboratory findings, staying in hospital and prognosis of mushroom poisoning cases were investigated. RESULTS: 46 of the 79 patients (58.2%) were male and 33 patients (41.7%) were female. 23 patients (29.1%) were 7 years old and under, and 47 cases (59.4%) were hospitalized in summer. The first symptoms in admittance were gastrointestinal (70.8%), neurologic (17.7%) and dermatologic (11.3%), respectively. The duration of latent phase was under 1 hour in 68 patients (86%) and there weren't hepatic failure in any patient. Therapeutic strategy comprised conventional elimination methods such as gastrointestinal lavage, charcoal administration, forced diuresis and IV penicillinGadministration. The hospitalization of patients were mean 3 days. CONCLUSION: Hemoperfusion and plasmapheresis weren't necessary in any patient and they were discharged without any squeal. Since mushroom poisoning may have fatal prognosis in childhood, the patients with mushroom poisoning should be considered seriously for hepatic, renal failure and coagulation disorders and for regional characteristics

Social and economic implications of the life histories of ground stone at Neolithic Catalhoyuk

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Social and economic implications of the life histories of ground stone at Neolithic Catalhoyuk

Ground stone studies have been dominated by a typological approach to artefact interpretation that has relied on the basic description of the appearance of an artefact in the condition in which it entered the archaeological record. Such a methodology has led to stagnation in understanding of ground stone artefacts because, unlike chipped stone and ceramic technologies, they display very little chronological change in typology. Ground stones were an important element in the development of settled life, large items such as querns could not be easily transported by nomadic groups, sedentary life and the adoption of agriculture and herding resulted in changes in the way that tools were designed and used. The Neolithic period saw an intensification in the everyday use of many forms of ground stone tool and the adequate description of the way this came about is a necessary step in the study of ground stone artefacts. The methodology that has been used in this thesis discards the previous static 'snapshot' view of artefacts in favour of an approach which takes into account the dynamic processes that each artefact underwent from initial sourcing of raw material to final discard and including episodes of breakage, reuse or reshaping during that time. The innovative methodology that has been employed involves a more detailed approach to the detection of ground stones in the archaeological record with the retrieval of ground stone debitage from wet sieving or flotation and the three dimensional recording of artefacts. The recording of the ground stone artefacts has been adapted to include information on previous use surfaces, indication of recycling or breakage, levels of fragmentation at point of deposition and includes the assemblage of debitage as would be the case in a chipped stone report. A programme of raw material sampling, including samples from both artefacts and nearby sources of similar rock types completes the strategy. The re-opening of the excavations at c;atalh6yuk under the direction of Hodder has provided a superlative opportunity with which to test the recording of the dynamics of ground stone use. The detailed excavation and recording strategy employed at the site in combination with the unusual location of the settlement on an alluvial fan, which renders it remote from any source of rock, makes it an ideal testing ground for my new approach. The GatalhayLik ground stone assemblage has formed the focus of the research presented here. In combination with other case studies (Pmarba!?1. Can Hasan, Konya Plain Survey, A!?lk" HayLik and Musular) I have explored the potential wider use of such methodology and the effect of different artefact collection and recording methods on the levels of interpretation that can be achieved.By challenging traditional methods of artefact recording I have shown that ground stone assemblages have the potential to yield information about previously unexplored aspects of the society and economy of the Neolithic period and because of their nature also elucidate changes in the daily activities of households from the onset of sedentism onward

The Importance of Chert in Central Anatolia: Lessons from the Neolithic Assemblage at Catalhoyuk, Turkey

WOS: 000320129900002This paper is a presentation of three sources of artifact-quality chert in Central Anatolia. A previous dearth of research focused on locating and characterizing such raw material sources has incorrectly colored our view of prehistoric economic practices. To remedy this situation, we have conducted a survey of various locales within Central Anatolia to test for the presence of artifact-quality materials. We make use of Individual Attribute Analysis (IAA) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis to discriminate among these materials, and suggest their use by the Neolithic occupants of Catalhoyuk through similar analyses of artifactual materials. We argue that the presence and characterization of these new sources allows us to better understand the intricacies of Neolithic practices by illustrating the ways in which the consumption of these materials was variably entwined with the exploitation of other resources, as well as embedded within social relations outside of Central Anatolia. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Stanford Archaeology Center; Department of Anthropology, Stanford UniversityStanford UniversityAny manuscript is the result of countless people's work. We have benefited greatly from conversations with M. Steven Shackley, Ian Robertson, Donald Lowe, and Gail Mahood. We are indebted to Adnan Ozeren for a valuable discussion on Anatolian Geology. For their helpful and thorough comments, and the many hours they spent revising earlier versions of this paper, we would like to thank Ian Hodder, the journal editors, as well as three anonymous reviewers. Any discrepancies remaining are solely of our own making. Funding for this research was provided by the Stanford Archaeology Center, and the Department of Anthropology, Stanford University

PROBABLE IMPACT OF PROPOSED IZMIR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS ON IZMIR BAY WATER QUALITY.

Bogazici Univ, Inst of Environmental Sciences, Istanbul, Turk;Bogazici Univ, Technology & Systems Research Inst, Istanbul,Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Environmental Technology for Developing Countries. -- Istanbul, Turk -- 8309The probable impact of proposed Izmir wastewater treatment plant effluents on Izmir bay water quality is discussed. First the characteristics of Izmir bay water with respect to: physical quality, chemical quality, biological quality, and dispersion effects is discussed. Then various alternative disposal techniques are discussed and finally the impact of these on the water quality is considered

Resilience and Redundance: Resource Networks and the Neolithic Chert Economy at Catalhoyuk, Turkey

WOS: 000356826700003The polycentric nature of Neolithic developments in the Middle East has prompted several discussions related to the processes driving regional diversification in the emergence of agglomerate societies. Archaeologists have recognized how diverse social, environmental, and material landscapes shaped various communities, resulting in a heterogenous Neolithic world. In this paper, we use portable x-ray fluorescence analysis to determine the use of different chert resources at the site of Catalhoyuk, Turkey, and question how their consumption affected, and was affected by, different social and material practices enacted within the community. We adopt a network perspective to examine the range of behaviours that consumed particular resources, and trace how alterations in these networks impacted the social fabric of Catalhoyuk. Ultimately, we conclude that different investments involved in the consumption of each resource either promoted or restricted their use through time. A more complete picture of Neolithic life, we suggest, takes note of the varied relationships that communities developed with nearby social and environmental landscapes, including nuances in the ways in which resources were incorporated into different facets of each community